The West in the World, Ch. 10 - 13

The West in the World, exam 3 (Ch. 10 - 13)
bold  = correct answer
strike through = incorrect answer

Question 1: The Renaissance began in
● Italy.
● France.
● England.
● Germany.

Question 2: The Renaissance
● was known for major new trends in literature, painting, sculpture, and architecture.
● came to an end because of the bubonic plague.
● was the era in which Medieval chivalry reached its peak.
● rejected the culture of the Greek and Roman worlds as not worth knowing.

Question 3: The core of Renaissance humanism was
● systematic theological study.
● the study of history, literature, and philosophy, stressing grammar, poetry, history, and ethics.
● a conscious attempt to imitate the virtues of the Germanic invaders of the Roman Empire.
● a great admiration for the cultural achievements of Mesopotamian civilization.

Question 4: A major patron of Renaissance art and humanism was
● the church.
● Renaissance cities.
● wealthy individuals.
● All of these are correct.

Question 5: The printing press was developed by
● Gutenberg.
● Petrarch.
● Salutari.
● Giotto.

Question 6: The success of the printing press in Europe in part depended upon
● Skilled scribes
● The study of classical texts
● Carolingian minuscule
● Paper-making technology

Question 7: During the Renaissance, the papacy
● was dominated by popes who were often great patrons of the arts; this led some to criticize the papacy for extravagance.
● attempted to dominate the Holy Roman Empire.
● opposed the Renaissance, burning several important Florentine intellectuals at the stake.
● was virtually a satellite of France.

Question 8: In his famous book, The Prince, Niccolò Machiavelli argued that
● princes must always show the virtues of charity and generosity.
● princes must be educated humanists in order to rule well.
● princes must be ready to discard ethical principles to succeed.
● None of these are correct.

Question 9: Renaissance painters
● rejected realism and the full range of human expression.
● developed the technique of linear perspective so that the viewer was drawn into the painting that he viewed.
● regarded mathematical and optical accuracy as unworthy of a great artist's attention.
● None of these are correct.

Question 10: The figure who, more than anyone else, personified the "Renaissance Man" was
● Michelangelo.
● Leonardo da Vinci.
● Machiavelli.
● Brunelleschi.

Question 11:  Italian balance-of-power diplomacy
● Was designed to prevent a single Italian state from dominating the peninsula
● Successfully prevented foreign domination of Italy
● Was primarilyconcerned with controlling the papacy
● Was critical to the economic success of Italy

Question 12: William Shakespeare
● was strongly influenced by the Renaissance in his plays.
● took advantage of Renaissance English social mobility in his rise to prominence.
● gave a new enduring form to the ideals of the Renaissance, in popular theater that reached the masses.
● All of these are correct.

Question 13: During the Reformation
● the papacy was suspended for thirty-five years.
● Christianity divided into Protestantism and Catholicism.
● the Holy Roman Emperor regained all the power that he had once held during the Middle Ages.
● the Mongols conquered Europe

Question 14: Because of the Reformation,
● Spain became Protestant.
● John Calvin became the last non-Italian pope before John Paul II.
● France had bitter religious wars between Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots).
● England became firmly Catholic under Elizabeth I following a brief Protestant interlude.

Question 15: Luther believed that people’s souls were saved by
● Penance
● Indulgences
● Good works
● Faith

Question 16: Luther s Ninety-Five Theses were rapidly circulated throughout Europe in part because
● They called for a social revolution
● Of the printing press
● Of widespread literacy and education programs sponsored by Catholics
● They provided justifications for doing penance

Question 17: Warfare in the sixteenth century
● used a combination of muskets and pikes.
● became so costly that it strained the resources of even the wealthiest monarchs.
● saw important developments in military administration to supply the growing armies.
● All of these options are correct.

Question 18: Luther's Protestantism was characterized by all of the following except
● the priesthood of all believers.
● an emphasis on the individual's relationship to God.
● an emphasis on reading the Bible.
● the establishment of a new religious hierarchy paralleling that of the Catholic Church.

Question 19: The theological doctrine most commonly associated with Calvin was
● predestination.
● justification by faith
● seven sacraments.
● priesthood of all believers.

Question 20: The Peace of Augsburg in 1555
● established the Lutheran Church in Germany as an alternative to the Catholic Church.
● meant the triumph of Charles V over the German princes.
● permitted the pope to regain some of the authority he had lost in Germany because of the Reformation.
● meant the end of the Catholic Church in Germany.

Question 21: In the period of the Reformation, the Catholic Church
● virtually dissolved, not to be reconstituted for a century and a half.
● undertook its own Counter Reformation spearheaded by rigorous religious scholarship in Spain and by new religious orders such as the Jesuits.
● adopted most Protestant doctrines but retained the supremacy of the pope.
● None of these options are correct.

Question 22: The Council of Trent
● decided that each German prince could decide what type of Christianity should prevail in his domain.
● reached an agreement between Luther, Zwingli, and Calvin over Protestant doctrine.
● was held to end the Habsburg-Valois wars.
● defined Catholic doctrine during the Reformation.

Question 23: Henry VIII of England
● strongly supported the Reformation from the beginning.
● expected papal approval of his annulment of his marriage with Catharine of Aragon because popes had traditionally deferred to kings in these matters.
● was forced by Parliament to undertake the Reformation.
● was the father of Mary, Queen of Scots.

Question 24: The best description of Elizabeth I's religious policy is that
● as a strong Calvinist, she reorganized the Church of England along the lines of The Institutes of the Christian Religion.
● as a moderate Protestant, she opposed Catholics, but permitted all Protestants to worship together even if they had different doctrinal beliefs.
● as a strong supporter of the Church of England, she persecuted not only Catholics but also those Protestants who did not share her doctrinal beliefs.
● as the real originator of the Puritan movement, by the time of her death, she left the English Church in doctrinal and disciplinary chaos.

Question 25: The religious wars in France ended because
● Catherine de Medici, the real cause of the war, died.
● the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre killed so many French Protestants that the movement collapsed.
● Henry of Navarre, a Protestant survivor of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, became Catholic, satisfying most of his subjects.
● the pope, who had been the real cause of the wars, was succeeded by a more tolerant and pacific pontiff.

Question 26: The Thirty Years' War began
● when Philip II sent the Spanish Armada against England.
● when Charles V deliberately broke the Peace of Augsburg.
● with a Protestant religious revolt against the Catholic Habsburgs in Bohemia.
● when Philip II died.

Question 27: The Thirty Years' War ended because
● Ferdinand II totally defeated the Protestants of Germany.
● Gustavus Adolphus made himself the first Protestant Holy Roman Emperor.
● all sides were exhausted, with the most important rulers and generals on each side dead.
● the Bohemian revolt at long last succeeded after thirty years.

Question 28: The Venetian who traveled to China and who wrote a book of his experiences was
● Marco Polo.
● Vasco da Gama.
● Prester John.
● Christopher Columbus.

Question 29: A major reason for European exploration was
● to determine whether the earth was round or flat by looking for its edge.
● to prove that Ptolemy's idea of the size of the earth was wrong.
● to establish a direct trade route with the sources for silks and spices, and bypass Islamic middlemen.
● to test their new ships, sails, and navigational equipment

Question 30: The first European country to undertake exploration was
● Germany.
● Russia.
● Spain.
● Portugal.

Question 31: European exploration was made easier by
● the collapse of Islamic empires.
● the great success of The Crusades.
● improved ships, sails, and navigational equipment.
● the cooperativeness of the various European monarchs.

Question 32: Cortéz and Pizarro were able to conquer the Aztec and the Inca empires because
● the religious beliefs of the Aztecs and Incas inclined them to pacifism.
● the Spaniards outnumbered their opponents by at least two to one.
● the Spaniards possessed guns and steel weapons and were partially immune to the diseases that devastated the Indian population.
● the native military leaders were inept.

Question 33: The major reason for the brutal Spanish treatment of Indians in the New World was
● Indian refusal to become Christian.
● the need for labor to raise crops and extract precious metals from the mines.
● to satisfy a sixteenth century Spanish thirst for dominance.
● an extension of the inquisition.

Question 34: Sugar growers in the New World turned to Africa as a slave source because
● the great decline in the number of Indians made Columbus's suggestion of enslaving Indians impractical.
● Africans had a greater resistance to European diseases than the Indians and could survive in larger numbers.
● some African chiefs found that they could profit enormously through this trade.
● All of these options are correct.

Question 35: In the "Commercial Revolution" of the sixteenth century, which of the following did not occur?
● reduced government trade barriers and economic regulation
● major inflation
● commercial capitalism complete with the development of joint-stock companies
● enormous expansion of European markets, as a result of exploration

Question 36: The basic principle of Mercantilism was
● that international commerce could be greatly expanded by major international economic cooperation.
● that all matters of trade should be left to private, individual interests rather than to government dictation.
● that the amount of the world's wealth was fixed, so that one country could increase its trade and manufacturing only at the expense of others.
● that trade depended upon military support.

Question 37: The spread of European culture often resulted in
● the creation of a class of mestizos, persons of mixed European and Indian ancestry.
● widespread planting of wheat where it had not been planted before.
● the spread of dandelions, a European weed.
● All of these options are correct.

Question 38: European exploration led to major developments in map-making, including the famous map projection that permitted sailors to plot straight-line courses, a projection developed by
● Ptolemy.
● Mercator.
● Merian.
● Vespucci.

Question 39: The traditional society of seventeenth century Europe
● was overthrown in a revolution.
● was destroyed by the pressure put upon it by absolute monarchs.
● was based on a hierarchy of ranks and subranks that covered everyone from the highest to the lowest.
● believed that all men (but not all women) were created equal.

Question 40: Seventeenth century rural life was characterized by
● low taxes paid to the government.
● poverty, disease, and famine.
● early marriages and numerous and healthy children.
● None of these options are correct.

Question 41: Kings in the seventeenth century faced all of these problems except
● a great increase in the cost of war.
● a resistance to royal authority by major aristocrats.
● a violent popular movement for a republican form of government.
● the desire by town and provincial officials to maintain their authority in local matters

Question 42: It can be said of the reign of Louis XIV
● that it became the model of absolute monarchy, but was disfigured by high taxes and growing misery caused by expensive wars.
● that it ended in a major revolution that made France a constitutional monarchy.
● that it was an era of peace and low taxation.
● that French culture nearly collapsed, due to the negligence of the virtually illiterate monarch.

Question 43: The most important accomplishment of Austria in the seventeenth century under Leopold I was
● the defeat of the Ottoman Turks and the conquest of Hungary.
● the conquest of Poland.
● the construction of the great palace of Versailles.
● the imposition of Protestantism in his domains.

Question 44: In his policies, Peter the Great of Russia did all of the following except
● introduce Western customs into Russia, bringing women out of seclusion.
● travel to Western Europe to learn about politics and technology.
● wage a series of wars that made Russia a European power.
● introduce constitutional monarchy into Russia.

Question 45: The civil war in England
● resulted in the destruction of Parliament by Charles I.
● saw complete social equality established in England by the Levelers.
● saw no women serve as soldiers.
● resulted in a Parliamentary victory over Charles I, who was captured.

Question 46: Cromwell's political power in England was based on
● his control of the army, with the resulting military dictatorship.
● his ability to play king and Parliament against each other.
● his blatant, amoral, irreligious opportunism.
● his high moral character.

Question 47: The Glorious Revolution in England
● led to William of Orange coming to the English throne.
● was caused in part by the Catholic policies of James II.
● led to the reduction of Ireland to virtual colonial status.
● All of these options are correct.

Question 48: The Dutch Republic in the seventeenth century was noted
● for its political instability.
● for its fierce persecution of religious minorities.
● for its prosperity and religious toleration.
● for its strong support of Spanish policies.

Question 49: The English Puritans
● wanted to overthrow the Church of England.
● wished to purify not only the Church of England, but also daily life by outlawing theaters, cock-fighting, and other "frivolous" activities.
● reunited Protestant and Catholic churches.
● strongly advocated submission to the will of the monarch.

Question 50: Frederick William, the "Great Elector" of Brandenburg-Prussia, succeeded because
● he freed the serfs, thus undermining an overly powerful nobility.
● he prevailed over the Estates, raised a strong army, and gave nobles greater control over the serfs.
● he promoted town growth as a counterbalance to noble power.
● he united the German principalities.